What does it all look like? The graphic representation of the model of relation physics (as shown at the end of this chapter) can assist in forming a mental image. Well, here we go.

Neutral field
The universe between stars and planets is not empty, nor is it between elementary particles. In a vision of coherence, the entire universe is interconnected. First, we will discuss the more or less neutral background.

In a situation where all points in spacetime can share and exchange information freely and equally with all their neighbors, we have a neutral field. Unhindered here means that it is unlikely that exchange does not occur. If we make an observation in this neutral field, we see ‘nothing’. Everything is the same. This is what is called a vacuum in classical physics. The neutral field carries spacetime information. It is a superposition of distance or space entanglements. In macroscopic terms, it is a kind of grid of distance (or spacetime) information in superposition. It is the 0 (zero) where every event stands out as information. In the graphic representation of the model of relation physics, the building blocks of the neutral field could, and should, be depicted as ‘neutral sets’. Unlike ‘particles’ such as electrons or quarks that are visible through their behavior – their effects on the environment – neutral sets are invisible because they lack this effect on their surroundings. However, they ensure that not everything coincides, and form a network that transmits information.

Keep in mind that at the quantum level, nothing is entirely uniform. There are no units, no discrete values, and there is also no fully neutral background. What we refer to as a neutral field is constantly traversed by various waves of information spreading across the field. Furthermore, the field is continually expanding as information is added, or contracting as information is absorbed by other quantum systems. It is in constant motion. However, it is more or less neutral because, through continuous exchange, the information is very evenly distributed. The neutral field is the carrier of spacetime and, due to its uniformity, barely interacts with more intricately entangled information, known as elementary particles.

The neutral field is not a regular lattice (left image); rather, it resembles a ‘quantum foam’ (right image).

The photon
When a point (‘particle’) in a neutral field shares all relations unhindered with its neighbors, except for one position entangled with additional information, something emerges: a photon. This additional information is a temporary and local (These are macroscopic terms, of course. Are there better terms to define this? If so, please let us know) disturbance or irregularity in, or superposed upon, the neutral field. Something comes into existence, because now everything is no longer the same. Refer to the figures of relation sets for a visual representation.

In the event of an isolated photon – assuming this were possible – at the quantum level, it is nonsensical to speak of entanglement along an x, y, or z axis. These axes are interchangeable. However, in an interconnected universe, the source with which a photon is entangled is part of a larger whole in which the axes can indeed be specifically identified as x, y, or z. This implies that the photon, through entanglement with its source, has an orientation in its environment. It allows photons to have different orientations. This goes unnoticed in a mixture of differently oriented photons. It is only in a magnetic field that the differences in orientation of photons become apparent. Have a look section 6.5 on charge and electromagnetic force for further clarification.

The photon can freely share its information in all directions (space or time), except one. That particular direction is entangled with its source, such as an electron, proton, atom, or molecule. The probability of this entangled information being redistributed is relatively so unlikely that, in many cases, it can be neglected. The photon is thus somewhat stable. However, the redistribution of this entanglement is not impossible. In the presence of a suitable candidate, the photon will release the shared information with its source and form a new relation with that candidate. This is known as a collapse.

Photons serve as carriers of an electromagnetic field. The process operates as follows: in an environment containing a mixture of differently oriented photons, no macroscopic effect of orientation is noticeable. However, when one type of orientation predominates among photons (specific photons that perfectly match electrons), a magnetic field is established. This magnetic field – resulting from an excess of one type of oriented photons – has effects on particles within that field. For example, it can make spin visible (Stern-Gerlach experiment) and induce ‘charge’ or an electromagnetic force. Particles with a construction giving them a property we call ‘charge’ will orient themselves differently and behave differently in this environment. Have a look at the topic of charge and electromagnetic force for more information (section 6.5).

Because the photon has only one relation that must find a match with a partner for a collapse to occur, it is exceptionally flexible. It is a versatile actor that relatively easily transfers its information to other particles.

Photons disperse in a neutral field at the speed of light, traversing all conceivable routes except the one with which they are entangled, both in space and time, until a collapse occurs. They are ubiquitously active in the universe as electromagnetic radiation, thus disseminating information.

A photon possesses a neutral quantum spin. During collapse, a photon can, in a single leap/pixel, achieve any other orientation. It exhibits a spin-1 property (section 6.4). This may differ for other ‘particles’.

Neutral set
The neutral field behaves like a three-dimensional grid (another macroscopic term) of relation sets that freely share information among themselves. They exist as a whole in superposition, forming, in essence, a single quantum system. This neutral field has its boundaries at the transitions to complex systems. It is, therefore, a lattice within which information can be freely shared in all directions, except at the transitions to more complex systems where additional entanglements exist. It pertains to information describing distance in space and time.

In contrast to classical physics, a perspective of coherence focuses on relations. In this view, spacetime is not abstract but rather information that is as physical as matter. The Standard Model of Elementary Particles does not recognize a ‘particle’ as a representative of spacetime or distances. Nevertheless, this information is relevant. The more distance information on the same dimension is entangled, serially connected, the greater the distance. By distance, we mean both spatial and temporal separation. In the model of relation physics, we refer to this set of distance information as a neutral set.

Neutral sets create divisions between more complex quantum systems. Additionally, the neutral field serves as a carrier of information that can be redistributed. Neutral sets are more intricately entangled at the transitions to other quantum systems than photons. Despite their still modest complexity, neutral sets experience some discomfort during the redistribution of information at these transition zones. This discomfort might even lead to the manifestation of mass, as discussed in our section on dark matter (section 6.23).

The concept of a neutral set is essential to making a system of relation physics work. Should the neutral set, in terms of particle physics, be termed a boson? Unlike fermions, bosons can occupy the same quantum state as other bosons within a quantum system. In a relation interpretation, neutral sets are collectively in superposition, forming the neutral field together. Photons, in turn, are superposed on the neutral field. This behavior resembles that of bosons sharing the same quantum state. For now, we categorize the neutral set as bosons.

The neutrino
When a point (‘particle’) in a neutral field freely shares all its information except for two positions in different ‘dimensions’ that have an additional relation, we encounter something distinct: a neutrino. Because it has two entanglements with other ‘particles’ in different dimensions, this ‘particle’ is more complex than a photon. And, due to developments on a macro level following a single direction, a neutrino cannot achieve any other orientation in one jump. Two steps, two probability cycles, are required for that. A neutrino has a spin of ½. Refer to section 6.4 on quantum spin for a deeper understanding of this phenomenon.

The neutrino, despite being slower than a photon due to its extra entanglement, remains exceptionally flexible. Its substantial freedom allows the neutrino to move at a speed just slightly below the speed of light. In classical terms, its ‘mass’ is extremely small. Once again, it’s crucial to remember that in the realm of relation physics, mass isn’t an intrinsic characteristic of a particle; instead, it’s an outcome of interaction with the environment – a form of behavior. Refer also to section 6.19 on the paradoxes of neutrinos.

The gluon
A gluon also possesses two additional relations, but there is something strange about their dimensions. We could describe the phenomenon as a combination or superposition of two dimensions. Such an intermediate form aligns with the assumption that dimensions at the most fundamental level are still primitive. It is only through coherence in a larger context – via emergence – that dimensions acquire their discrete form.

Gluons only exist in combinations; never as individual ‘particles’. In these combinations, they share mixed dimensions with particles that have similar intermediate forms. These could be other gluons, or quarks. For example, gluons can bond with quarks to form protons and neutrons. These composite structures are exceptionally stable. In particle physics, this unique stability is described as the strong force. In relation physics, however, it’s not considered a force; rather, it’s the improbability that the specific entanglements between gluons and quarks redistribute their information, as suitable candidates for such events are rare. Within a neutron or proton with more combined dimensions, however, they mutually jump back and forth. These dynamics characterize them as a somewhat larger stable quantum system (proton or neutron) in superposition.

The theory of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) has rules for the ‘strong nuclear force’ that align with particle physics. In doing so, QCD employs macroscopic views of particles. However, the strong bonds within neutrons and protons can also be conceptualized as exchanging relations, or a superposition of relations. In QCD, the sum of colors must be neutral. This is akin to the sum of the six linear degrees of freedom, which collectively are neutral. Refer to section 6.17 on the strong force and QCD for more details.

The electron
When a point (‘particle’) within a neutral field has three positions, two of which are on the same dimension, with an additional entanglement, we encounter something different: an electron. An electron can freely share information in two directions within one dimension, and in one direction of another dimension. It resides in a (semi) two-dimensional plane. This could also be a (semi) two-dimensional shell, as in the case of a shell around an atomic nucleus. Because dimensions at the quantum level are primitive and malleable, planes can be drawn into shells.

An electron is a structure of three (additional) entanglements. This can also be understood as a combination of three photons; two on the same dimension and one on another dimension.

A free electron can easily move in a magnetic field, and here’s how. Because in a magnetic field, all photons are oriented in the same way, there is a very high probability that the electron, upon exchange with these photons, will end up with the same orientation. In simple terms, with two entanglements on the same dimension, the electron is most likely to align with the orientation of the photons. Once it assumes this orientation, it remains in it because, again, that is the most probable outcome during exchanges. The electron’s third entanglement remains unaffected because there are too few exchange options for it. Once the electron and photons share the same orientation, they can exchange at the highest possible speed. Under favorable environmental conditions, the electron can now move rapidly.

In a field with randomly oriented photons, free electrons move away from each other due to competition for the most favorable photons with which they exchange, favorable as in the photons with the fitting orientation.

Within an atom, electrons are ideal partners for protons because they complement each other in their preference for the orientation of surrounding photons. In macroscopic terms, this is referred to as ‘charge’. In terms of relation physics, it simply involves the most probable options. Free particles with complementary preferences for photons move towards each other. Below, we will delve into the intricacies of this phenomenon.

An electron bound to an atomic nucleus maintains a specific distance from that nucleus. When this distance entanglement absorbs a photon, thus gaining additional information, the electron jumps to a higher shell. The reverse occurs during the emission/creation of a photon.

Up quark and down quark
The greater ‘mass’ that we, in classical terms, attribute to quarks aligns with a higher complexity of interconnected information. Another characteristic of quarks is that they never appear as individual particles. They are only known in compositions with gluons and/or other quarks. There must be a particular reason for this. Perhaps it is due to the presence of the combined dimensions we wrote about earlier; the intermediate form of dimensions. And we’ve also already described that quarks together with gluons form the very stable protons and neutrons. This significant stability could be a result of the unique entanglement among them through the combined dimensions. Unique entanglements offer limited options for change. A lower probability of change implies greater stability. This substantial stability is known as the ‘strong nuclear force’ or ‘strong force’.

Quarks are attributed with ‘charge’. However, the charge of a quark can only be indirectly inferred since we do not know individual quarks. In a relation interpretation, just like for electrons, one can describe how a construction leads to a certain behavior through interaction with sets from the environment. Refer to section 6.5 on charge and electromagnetic force for more details.

In the graphic model of relation physics, as illustrated below, observe the increasing complexity starting from the photon, moving through gluons, neutrinos, and electrons to quarks and beyond. This escalating complexity corresponds to increasing mass in The Standard Model of Particle Physics. Also, consider the combined dimensions that enable unique entanglements between quarks and gluons.

W boson and Z boson
The even greater ‘mass’ attributed to W and Z bosons corresponds with an even greater complexity in the model of relation physics. Furthermore, bosons are antiparticles of themselves. We will observe that they do not have a direction of time; developments of bosons show no recognizable time orientation.

The W and Z bosons are known as highly unstable, transient ‘particles’. They undergo changes easily. This characteristic makes them an intermediate stage in the transformation processes of fermions.

The Higgs boson
The Higgs boson is still shrouded in mystery. It is the ‘heaviest’ particle we know; thus, it has been attributed the highest level of complexity in the model of relation physics. The Higgs boson also possesses the intriguing quality of being its own antiparticle.

Model of relation physics

Graphic representation of sets: elementary particles as combinations of entanglements

Explanation of the illustration above:

• The illustration emphasizes relations = entanglements = superposition = probability distribution.
• The thin lines represent a relation/superposition with the neutral field. This information is evenly distributed through constant redistribution, making it ‘invisible’.
• The coil-shaped parts depict the additional entangled information (overlap) with its neighbors. These are probability distributions. This additional information is redistributed during a collapse, a ‘point of no return’ in the evolution towards the next generation of relation sets.
• The difference between thin and coil-shaped lines is not absolute. It represents the distinction between almost unhindered sharing of information and a much smaller chance of redistribution.
• The axes are intentionally not depicted as x-, y-, and z-axes perpendicular to each other. They are meant to indicate different degrees of freedom.
• The intersection of lines should also be thought of as a mixture of information in superposition.
• Matter is depicted on the left side of the figure; antimatter on the right. The bosons in the middle are their own antiparticles.
• The neutral set has not yet been added. It needs to be positioned between the gluon and the W boson.
• The level of complexity increases from the top to the bottom. It’s essential to recognize that this pattern also applies to the mass of the particles. This is not a mere coincidence. Please read the section on mass and gravity for further details.
• Charge can also be deduced from the illustration. See the section on charge and electromagnetic force for more information.
• The Standard Model of Particle Physics does not include a particle that describes distance in spacetime. However, in this model of relation physics, a ‘neutral set’, an information carrier for spacetime, should be included.
• The 2nd and 3rd generation fermions do not belong in this model. This is explained in the section ‘2nd and 3rd generation fermions’.

Question for the reader: What do you think of the simplicity of this model compared to the model of particle physics?