Let’s talk about probability. What is the probability regarding the occurrence of an event or development? In the case of an isolated element – assuming such a thing were possible -, probability has no meaning. What can happen? With two elements in relation to each other, we have an initial chance of an event – they can swap places. Not very exciting. When there are more than two elements with relations between them, a variety of leaps becomes possible. At this point, we might question what the element is and what the relation is. Refer to the description of Russell’s paradox in section 6.27 for more on this. In the presence of diversity in relations or particles, and when the no-hiding theorem applies, changes with more or better fitting options will occur more frequently. This is how probability emerges. With a large number of changes and a difference in complexity, events for which there are more or better fitting possibilities to fill in with conservation of information will occur more frequently. This is a description of the upward causality perspective that we discussed in Part 1.

Coherent angular probability distributions
Probability applies not only to linear but also to angular exchanges. In a worldview with isolated particles, these particles can move and rotate independently in all directions. In a coherent system, probability distributions/cycles throughout the entire universe must be in phase with each other. They share the same rhythm and direction. This is a description of the downward causality perspective that we discussed in Part 1. When something unlikely happens locally and briefly, and a development goes the other way, the unlikely way, potential energy is created. Compare this to stretching an elastic band in the opposite direction, or to the upward bouncing water drop of a mountain stream. This is the potential energy that arises from the creation of matter and antimatter and is released again during annihilation.

Superentropy
Superentropy describes, at the quantum level, the likelihood of the next event. An event becomes more probable as there are more, or better fitting, options for it. The occurrence of unlikely events becomes negligible with a large number of interconnected events. Everything shifts towards the more probable options. Superentropy thus indicates the direction of developments.