What does classical physics tell us about charge and electromagnetic forces:

• The photon is the gauge boson carrying the electromagnetic force
• The photon serves as the mediating particle for the electromagnetic force
• A magnetic field is generated by moving electric charges
• Charged particles move in a magnetic field (Einstein-de Haas effect)

When contemplating the concept of ‘charge’ from a relation interpretation, something remarkable emerges concerning electrons and photons and their orientation in an electromagnetic field. As we can see in the model of relation physics, the electron has two-way entanglements in one dimension (and in no more than one). What happens to an electron in a magnetic field? Consider the scenario where the surroundings of an electron are saturated with identically oriented photons, forming a perfect match for electrons. This is not a natural situation; rather, it resembles something akin to a particle accelerator or an MRI scanner with a powerful magnetic field. Extend this line of thought to a scenario where a magnetic field is generated by a flow of moving electrons. And additionally, a magnetic field, in turn, affects electrons. In an environment with many similarly oriented photons, it is highly probable that electrons will align in the same direction through information exchange with those photons. Subsequently, electrons are likely to shift positions incrementally in a direction perpendicular to that orientation. This occurs because the two-way entanglements in one dimension of the electrons are replaced by two adjacent photons with the same orientation. Thus, electrons move in a train-like fashion perpendicular to the orientation of a magnetic field.

Note: In a magnetic field, not all photons, not all frequencies of EM radiation, are streamlined. It only involves the photons that are altered in the specific orientation by the moving electrons. These are the photons that match the electrons perfectly.

Moving electrons generate a magnetic field, and a magnetic field, in turn, moves electrons
Among all first-generation fermions, only the electron and the positron have a single dimension with entanglements in both directions. This unique feature allows these entanglements in a magnetic field to easily be replaced by photons from an adjacent position. The orientation remains unchanged because there is no need for any tilting. In such cases, the electron shifts a position relative to the environment, causing the electron to move. In an environment with many similarly oriented photons, the electron will continually move in the same direction. We know that this direction is perpendicular to the magnetic field. We know that an electron exists in a half two-dimensional plane (a macroscopic concept). Within an atom, this plane is a half two-dimensional shell (also a macroscopic concept). The third spatial dimension is where the electron is entangled in both directions. The described effect corresponds to the phenomenon where charged particles move in a magnetic field. Conversely, the movement of charged particles generates a magnetic field.

Electrons repel each other through competition for photons.
In a natural environment, photons are usually not uniformly oriented; there is a mix. The behavior of a single electron, undisturbed by other influences, then exhibits no specific pattern. However, when two electrons come close to each other, they will compete for photons. Their initial orientation determines which photons they can interact with. Then, due to competition, the two electrons will acquire opposite orientations. Subsequently, interactions with differently oriented photons will cause them to drift apart. This corresponds to like-charged particles repelling each other. It resembles the effect of a force but, in terms of relation physics, is nothing more than the most probable outcome.

Up quarks and down quarks only occur in combinations. Charge is also assigned to quarks (see the diagram). However, quarks are only known in structures such as neutrons, protons, or mesons. They exert an electromagnetic effect only as a combination.